BME 312006 Manual Practical No 2 Answers

Practical No. 02: Demonstrate the working of steam turbines

Practical Significance

Steam turbines are important devices in Thermal Engineering and Electrical engineering. Steam turbines are the prime movers and electric generators in thermal and nuclear power plants to produce electricity. They are also used to propel large ships, ocean liners, and submarines and to drive power-absorbing machines like large compressors, blowers, fans, and pumps.

Procedure

1. Explain the working principle of a steam turbine.

2. Explain the difference between Impulse and reaction turbines along with applications.

3. Explain the main components of a Steam turbine.

4. Explain the functions of each component of the Steam turbine.

5. Demonstrate the working of the Steam turbine using the chart.

6. Demonstrate the working of the Steam turbine using the model.

Observation

Reaction turbine

Component	Shape/Location	Function
Fixed Blades	Nozzle-like blades fixed around the inner circumference of the spiral casing	These blades, also called guide vanes, convert the pressure energy of the water entering the turbine into directed kinetic energy. They direct the water flow toward the runner blades at the optimal angle for efficient energy transfer.
Movable Blades	Airfoil-shaped blades on the outer rim of a rotating component called the runner	The movable blades, also known as runner blades, are designed to capture the kinetic energy of the water jet exiting the fixed blades. The water flow exerts a force on the blades, causing the runner to rotate.
Turbine Rotor	The central rotating part consists of a shaft and a hub holding the runner blades	The rotor assembly, including the shaft and runner, converts the kinetic energy of the water into rotational mechanical energy. The runner rotates on the shaft, transmitting power through the shaft.
Bearings	Located at each end of the turbine shaft within the turbine housing	The bearings support the rotating shaft of the turbine, minimizing friction between the shaft and the stationary housing. This allows the rotor to spin freely and efficiently.
Turbine Seals	Located between the rotating shaft and the stationary turbine casing	The seals prevent water leakage between the high-pressure fluid within the turbine and the surrounding environment. Leakage can reduce efficiency and cause other problems.

Impulse Turbine

Component	Shape/Location	Function
Movable Blades	Airfoil-shaped blades on the outer rim of a rotating component called the runner	The movable blades, also known as runner blades, are designed to capture the kinetic energy of the high-velocity jet exiting the nozzle. The water flow exerts a force on the blades, causing the runner to rotate.
Turbine Rotor	The central rotating part consists of a shaft and a hub holding the runner blades	The rotor assembly, including the shaft and runner, converts the kinetic energy of the water jet into rotational mechanical energy. The runner rotates on the shaft, transmitting power through the shaft.
Diaphragm	Located within the turbine housing, separating the high-pressure inlet from the low-pressure exhaust	A diaphragm is a critical component in impulse turbines. It separates the high-pressure fluid chamber (where the nozzle is located) from the low-pressure exhaust section. This isolation is necessary to maintain the high pressure to create a powerful jet for efficient energy transfer to the runner blades.
Bearings	Located at each end of the turbine shaft within the turbine housing	The bearings support the rotating shaft of the turbine, minimizing friction between the shaft and the stationary housing. This allows the rotor to spin freely and efficiently.
Turbine Seals	Located between the rotating shaft and the stationary turbine casing	The seals prevent leakage of the high-pressure fluid from the chamber around the nozzle into the lower pressure zones of the turbine. Leakage can reduce efficiency and cause other problems.

Results

Successfully Observe all components of the Reaction turbine and Impulse turbine.

Practical Related Questions

1. Collect specifications of steam turbines used in different applications.

Answer:

Steam Turbines for Power Generation

Type: Typically condensing turbines (utilize a condenser to produce a low-pressure environment for efficient steam output)
Steam Conditions: High pressure (around 30 MPa or 4350 psi) and high temperature (around 565 °C or 1049 °F)
Power Output: Range from several megawatts (MW) to over 1,000 MW
Efficiency: Up to 38%

Marine Propulsion: